The tiny and strange planet Haumea moves beyond the orbit of Neptune. It has the shape of a 2000km long flattened rugby ball. It spins completely in less than four hours, at one of the fastest rotation speeds in the Solar System. New simuations shows that it is covered with a smooth layer of crystallised water.

An international research team has confirmed that 75% of Haumea and 100% of Hi'iaka (which is around 400 km in diameter) are covered with crystallised water-ice (with an ordered structure) and not, as would have been expected, with amorphous ice disorganised due to solar radiation. The study suggests that the planet is made up of a frozen outer layer and an internal section made up of between 88% and 97% rock (with a density of 3.5 g/cm3).

"Since solar radiation constantly destroys the crystalline structure of ice on the surface, energy sources are required to keep it organised. The two that we have taken into consideration are that able to generate radiogenic elements (potassium-40, thorium-232 and uranium-238) from the inside, and the tidal forces between Haumea and its satellites (as seen between the Earth and the Moon)" says Carry, co-author of the study and a researcher at ESA in Madrid

The researcher also highlights other peculiarities of Haumea: "Its orbital plane is inclined at 28º with respect to the usual plane of planets in the Solar System, the orbits of its satellites are not on the same plane either – which is very unusual – and the entire system belongs to a single family within the frozen objects in the Kuiper Belt (at a distance of between 4.5 billion and more than 15 billion kilometres from the Sun)". According to the scientists, the two satellites could have been created by another object smashing into Haumea, which could also have originated the rapid rotation of the dwarf planet (3.9 hours) and have moulded it into its rugby ball shape. Some numerical models have demonstrated that this could be caused by a fairly tangential impact.

Observations from the SINFONI instrument of the Very Large Telescope (VLT), the enormous telescope of the European Southern Observatory (ESO) in Chile, were used in order to carry out the study, which has been published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics. ESO astronomer Christophe Dumas led this study from the observatory.

"SINFONI is an integral field spectrometer that provides 'data cubes' in which two of the dimensions are spatial (like those of any flat image), while the third is spectral, meaning that each layer of the cube is an image taken with a different wave size", explains Carry.

The mystery and polemic of Haumea
The scientist acknowledges that the precise orbits and sizes of the dwarf planet are still not known (they are operating with approximate scales of around 2,000 x 1,500 x 1,000 km) nor are those of its satellites. In reality, these are two very distant bright points of light, the data for which are obtained indirectly.

In the case of the tiny Namaka (around 200 km in diameter), the signal at the time it was observed was so weak that it was impossible to obtain information about its surface, although new data on its orbit were gathered. Meanwhile, the models for the tidal forces of this strange system are also improving.

Another of the mysteries of Haumea is the presence of a dark, reddish spot, which contrasts with the whitish colour of the planet. "My interpretation of the infrared photometry is that this area could be a richer source of crystalline water-ice than the rest of the surface", Pedro Lacerda, co-discoverer of the spot and an astronomer at Queen's University in Belfast (United Kingdom), tells SINC. The researcher does not rule out the possibility of some kind of irradiated mineral or organic matter having caused this colouration.

Haumea is the fifth dwarf planet in the Solar System along with Pluto, Ceres, Eris and Makemake. Its existence was confirmed in 2005, when it was called 2003 EL61

Source: Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology and Astronomy & Astrophysics